PsicoGDL

Verena Veneeva asked:


The various aspects of social psychology could be examined within the wide concepts of intelligence, gender, advertising, consumer culture, stress and psychological issues that define society. Considering consumer behaviour, social psychology uses convincing theories to explain addictive consumption, the influence of advertising and the phenomenon of purchasing. Advertising is seen as a subtle psychological manipulation as it creates desires and anxiety in the potential consumers (Papers4you.com, 2006). Advertising can have both psychological and commercial aspects including misattribution, bias, suggestibility, and could be studied from global or local perspectives. Organisational consumption is seen as different from individual consumption although generic psychological theories of human motivation such as that of Maslow and Freud can explain consumer behaviour. However consumer behaviour can also be studied in terms of the notion of quality and its relation to customer satisfaction (Silva et al, 2005). The objective measures of customer needs, pricing and expectations of the customers may have to be analysed within Service Quality or Expectations models. Hogg and Garrow (2003) highlighted on the psychological aspects of gender and the influence on consumption of advertising. Advertising has been found to be processed and interpreted differently according to gender schemas and perceptions. This would in turn relate to psychological theories of gender such as the theory of biological determinism, Freudian theory of personality development, cognitive-developmental theory, and feminist theories. Bridging the gap between gender studies and gender differences in consumption could provide us with new insights on social and psychological aspects of consumer behavior. Orth (2005) indicated that consumer behaviour largely depends on consumer personality and susceptibility to interpersonal influence, consumer situational disposition such as risk taking and curiosity, purchasing behaviour and purchasing frequency and demographic variables such as age and gender. Contemporary consumer culture could be studied in relation to an excessive emphasis on beauty and appearance and an obsession with youth, a phenomenon that has seen an increased dependence on cosmetic surgery. The increased importance of the body in the consumer culture could be studied along with the significance of appearance in modern society, the role of marketing and advertising images, and the psychological need for self-expression (Papers4you.com, 2006).

Social psychology is however focused not just on consumption and public attitudes on advertising, but also on group behaviour, general individual and collective attitudes towards various social issues including war, work, violence and quality of life. This would in turn explain how individuals deal with stress, and focus on the psychological consequences of stress. Although psychological disorders may in some cases be a direct result of social stress, deviant behaviour in society could be explained with the help of several theories such as the theory of subcultures by Parker, the structural strain theory by Merton, or the theory of conformity. Social psychology is thus focused on explaining a wide range of issues from advertising and consumer behavior to public attitudes on social issues and antisocial behaviour.

Bibliography

Hogg M.K.; Garrow J. (2003) Gender, identity and the consumption of advertising Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Volume 6, Number 3, June, pp. 160-174(15)

Orth, Ulrich R.(2005) Consumer personality and other factors in situational brand choice variation The Journal of Brand Management, Volume 13, Number 2, November, pp. 115-133(19)

Papers For You (2006) “P/M/510. Advertising: means of psychological manipulation”, Available from http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtpsy3.htm [22/06/2006]

Papers For You (2006) “P/M/646. Causes of addictive consumption in modern society”, Available from Papers4you.com [21/06/2006]

Silva Jr, Nelson da; Lírio, Daniel Rodrigues (2005) The postmodern re-codification of perversion: On the production of consumer behavior and its libidinal grammar International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Volume 14, Numbers 3-4, Number 3-4/December, pp. 217-223(7)

Alex Kauffman asked:


It has long been recognized that physical components are not enough to make athletes excel in their fields. One of the latest concepts being applied to enhance the performances in sports is called cognitive psychology – the study of brain mechanisms or human mental processes in relation to the way we perceive things, feel about things, solve problems, and the probable root cause of our behavior.

This paper will contain a detailed ten hour soccer team training plan and discuss the relationship of cognitive psychology to athletes’ over-all performance focusing mainly on the information processing model of Whiting, Welford, and Schmidt. The contribution of cognitive psychology to enhancing the players’ understanding and performance levels, the application of different theoretical approaches to a variety of sporting situations and the use of theory to enhance individual and team performance, specifically in soccer, will be explored.

There exists an array of sub-concepts under cognitive psychology which includes information processing. This elucidates the process in which our brain takes in information from the outside world through our senses, select and utilize the information which results to a decision, bringing about an output exhibited through behavior or actions, which is subjected to feedback from the environment.

The decision to pass the ball or to run for the goal is determined by the availability of a player in a more advantageous spot and the number of players guarding him (input). The success or failure of his moves (output) based on his decision is affirmed with a touchdown or a pass respectively (feedback). Now, the decision-making process involved during this split-second scenario is a product of simulated plays in which the player was trained and not born with. Through constant exposure to similar situation in the course of training, the learned skill has become intrinsic to a player’s mind which he was able to apply naturally in the actual game despite the pressured atmosphere…

Sophia Hayes asked:


As reading involves perceptual and cognitive processes as well as knowledge of language and grammar, these three basic processes have been the subject of experimental research for some time. Such processes include the identification and extraction of meaning, processes involved at sentence/phrase level and the processes involved in understanding thematic structures.

Learning to read in preliterate societies and learning in societies awash with print may have vastly different cognitive consequences. Cognitive psychologists today look at the many facets involved in reading such as reading speed for example. But can one relate any conclusions drawn to the reading speed of an 8-year-old in the early 16th century, whose instruction may have been only in Latin with an 8-year-old today?

The roots of cognitive psychology (the experimental study of how the mind works) can be traced to Wundt’s interest in memory and language processes in Leipzig in 1879. Shortly after this, there was a spurt of interest in reading processes; this reached an apex around 1908. The equipment used then was somewhat archaic and very dissimilar to the more sophisticated and often computer based equipment of today. This form of research continued for a while until around 1913 when behaviourism became popular. Behaviourists believed that the proper scientific subject matter for psychological investigation should only be observable and measurable behaviour, and since cognitive processes can not be observed and directly measured, with the exception of some educational work there was little work done in this area until the 60′s.

The revival of cognitive psychology some 40 years ago brought with it a new format, often expressing theories as flow charts or ‘box and arrow’ diagrams. This type of expression was more explicit, and highlighted cognition as a series of more describable information processes (that is, a sequence of operations by which representations are formed and transformed). Of course, the use of diagrams was not really new, as the 19th century neurologists interested in the effects of brain damage on cognition (e.g., Wernicke & Lichtheim), used visual box and arrow diagrams. The boxes/centres representing brain regions, and arrows neural pathways. Each of the centres had a particular cognitive function, thus likening diagrams to the organisation of the mind rather than the organisation of the brain.

The combination of this mode of neurology and cognitive psychology led to the development of cognitive neuropsychology. Possibly the first published paper in this field was by Marshall & Newcombe in 1973 who described three types of acquired dyslexia, and offered a reading model in flow chart form to interpret the deficit in terms of damage to specific components of the model. The use of a box and arrow approach has continued in other areas as well as reading.

In contrast there is now substantial support for a connectionist viewpoint (an approach that simulates the connections between information nodes in a hierarchical network that is suggested to be equivalent to connections in the brain; also referred to as parallel distributed processing). From around 1980, computational models of reading were used as a tool for detecting previous ambiguity and vagueness. It is claimed that computer simulation programs can be altered to reflect human subjects’ performances by cutting connections or adding noise to the models to mimic different types of reading practices. Both approaches have developed impressively but are not perfect.

Scott Salter asked:


Think of major subject of study that is only 125 years young and is taking the world by storm! This is how one can probably describe psychology. Psychology is a subject of study that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Psychology is a science that deals with human behavior as well as non humans – animals. Its study finds its roots in biology and touches on many areas in sociology, trying to seek a relationship between the brain functions and the behavior or the relationship between the environment and the behavior generators. There are many areas in which one can specialize since the subject is so vast and nowadays, more and more areas of life need the application of psychology.

The importance of the psychology and why one is secure by building a career in the subject can be seen from the fact that since 1960, there has been a big increase in the students who pursue psychology and have become a part of the competition on jobs that are psychology related. To be precise, the number of students opting for a masters in psychology has gone up 6 folds, a trend that was not observed earlier. It has also been observed that more than two thirds of the students graduating with masters in psychology get jobs in fields which are outside psychology and only about a third are employed in jobs which are directly related to psychology. A large number of those employed after graduating with masters in psychology work on data collection and analysis in various firms and institutions, both in the government circles and the private sector.

When we look at the trend of job projections and growth the area of psychology, there has been a great percentage increase in demand for people with psychology degrees. According to a survey conducted in 2001 by APA Center for Psychology Workforce Analysis and Research (CPWAR), 73% of the people who graduated with degrees in psychology were able to be employed in the areas they first chose to work in, and 75% were able to get jobs within 3 months of graduation. The trend has gone up since then and there are many more areas where psychology gradates are much needed. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for psychology-based jobs will keep on increasing at a high rate in the next decade.

One can build a career in the subfields of psychology. For example, one can take on Evolutionary psychology where you can study how human thought, feeling, and behavior are affected by evolutionary aspects like mutation, selective fitness and adaptation. You can also study Clinical Psychology where to will get knowledge to be able to deal with emotional and behavioral disorders. You can also go for Cognitive and perceptual psychology, Developmental psychology, Educational psychology and many other subfields.

Mary Jackson asked:


The growth rate for employment as a psychologist is above average due to an increased demand for these services in hospitals, schools, mental health centers, social service agencies, consulting firms and substance abuse clinics. Further, the average earnings enjoyed by industrial-organizational psychologists as of 2004 were $71,400. Online psychology programs give people the opportunity to study for a career in this challenging, rapidly growing field without compromising their other daily activities.

Students pursuing psychology online degrees learn about the human mind and behavior and its biological, social and cognitive bases, as well how to apply this knowledge to practical problems. Student enrolled in online psychology programs can choose to specialize in areas of psychology such as educational, child, clinical, sport, forensic, industrial, organizational, social and marriage and family therapy. The U.S Department of Labor reports that four out of ten psychologists are self-employed. The remaining psychologists work at places such as public and private schools, hospitals, state and federal government, correctional institutions, market research firms, advertising agencies, day care centers, mental health care providers and PR firms. Dynamic positions held by psychology graduates include media buyer, copywriter, art therapist, retail buyer, teacher, child welfare caseworker and public relations specialist. A wide variety of exciting employment options exist for students who earn psychology degrees online.

In order to work as a psychologist, students must fulfill the required course of education, usually a doctorate, then complete an internship and gain one to two years of professional experience. Sometimes psychology students are also required to complete a thesis or original research paper. At this point, the student can take the application state licensing qualifying examination to become a psychologist. Most of the state licensing boards give a standardized test, but equirements vary from state to state. Some states also require continuing education to renew a psychology license.

Online psychology programs make it easy for busy professionals to fit continuing education requirements into their hectic schedules. Doctoral training programs in counseling, school and clinical psychology are accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA). The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education and the National Association of School Psychologists are also involved with accreditation of school psychology advanced degree programs. It typically takes students five to eight years to complete psychology online degrees.

In 2004, psychologists held approximately 179,000 jobs. With the variety of interesting employment opportunities that exist in the psychology field today, online psychology programs afford students a chance for career advancement while they balance their work and family responsibilities.

Alan Gaza asked:


Psychology is all about dealing with the human mentality and kid psychology especially deals with the style children ponder. This analysis looks into the style children respond to every day condition in life and how they deal with it sensitively. These replies fluctuate from one being to another. Accordingly, the subject of kid psychology is very extensive and inclusive comprehensive. When in search of proficient assistance you can take guidance from the child psychologist Sydney who offer aid in the following topics only in Sydney:

? Neurofeedback Sydney

? Anxiety treatment Sydney

? ADHD Treatment Sydney

? Insomnia Treatment Sydney

According to the child psychologist Sydney, some of the normal features that bring about the child’s behavioral variation are age, health, career, gender and nationality to name a few. Specially, when dealing with child psychology the concentration is on the thoughts opinion, feelings and deeds of the child.

Some of the normal hints of childhood depression are articulation of despondency and feeling of worthlessness| insignificance| unimportance| irrelevance} and helplessness defenselessness. It is essential to get treatment for it without delay as it could lead to self devastation and suicidal thoughts

Childhood Depression: origin

The psychologists have not yet been able to make out the accurate reason of childhood dejection. Some of the likely sources as proposed by the specialists are inheritance, atmosphere, bodily health, life events| actions| trials} and family history. It could also be a result of a combination of atypical features like a history of dejection in the family or a decease in the family. There are times when even a pet bereavement results in strain.

Childhood Depression: Warnings

The indication of childhood dejection changes at atypical times. The secret is to search for a variation in deeds. At one point of time, your child may show either or more than one of these Indications:

? Not showing awareness in school. Accordingly it leads to inferior intellectual working as they are not apt to doing their homework’s or school projects.

? Social loneliness, in the implication that they stop cooperating or playing with other kids.

? When the child is in a constant circumstances of sorrow.

? Childhood depression also leads to sensitive eruption in the mode of crying.

? You will find your child being awfully sensitive to any mode of rejection refusal.

? Your will notice that your child will lose concentration consistently and find it strenuous to ponder.

? You could also notice changes in your child’s sleeping routine.

? Modification in hunger is one general indication. The child will build up the food in take or stop eating completely totally.

If you note that the aforementioned indications have been constant for more than two weeks, then you should ask a child psychologist professional. You can confer the probable treatment with the professional.

Esther Wangui Muhia asked:


When we are undertaking any program we tend to focus on getting information in a given field. Sometimes we choose to study full time or part time in institutions of our choice. The use of Internet technology has made it possible to have online information in psychology. The main focus of of this degree is to equip individuals with knowledge of psychology and apply it in the field.

There are writings of founding fathers of psychology like Freud, Adler and Jung available. Their information will give ideas on how to treat psychology disorders and can be accessed online. In some cases, you are expected to do a practicum work, understand the individuals behavior and write an analysis.  Online information in psychology  will give you detailed data and information on ways on how to cope with clients.

There are theoretical orientations that guide on how to solve psychological problems. These theories are reviewed often and as a psychologist you need to update your knowledge. Online information in psychology offers updates on new inventions so that you can access the information easily. You can also get other instructions like self and dream analysis, developmental processes and ethics of human behavior online.

Sometimes you cannot afford to buy many books and online information in psychology is cheap to access. You can choose the topics you are interested in and save them in your computer to read at your free time. There are institutions that advertise job vacancies in the institutions from which you can benefit. To be competitive, you need to read widely and be social.  All the best as you search for knowledge,for knowledge is power!

MN Nikk asked:


When it comes to ***** enlargement, a careful customer is faced with a dearth of professional studies and official endorsements from doctors or other health care experts. This is one of the things that make men think ***** enlargement is, at best, a risky proposition because one can never know for sure if it works or not. Trying to find a ***** enlargement solution backed by a clinical study is even harder and, until recently, it was also unheard of. The fact that such a study has been launched is a strong hint that the ***** enlargement market is at last becoming main stream.

The problem with clinical studies and professional endorsements lies in the current state of the ***** enlargement market, which is dominated by relatively small companies interested in making money off a niche that’s failed to catch the eye of Big Pharma. Such companies are content to come up with a product that’s more or less effective and sell it by trying hard to avoid any talk of clinically-proved effects and focusing instead on real or false testimonials from satisfied customers. The line between success and failure is rather thin and many times success proves to be nothing more than fluke.

Since we’re talking about small companies that don’t make piles of money at this trade, it’s pretty clear that they are not going to spend money on a clinical study. Such studies are far more expensive than the average provider of ***** enlargement solution could afford to pay and spending a large amount of money on a study that may end up disproving the effectiveness of a product is not exactly a sound business decision. The only thing worse in not having your products backed by a clinical study is the failure of the study spreading around and scaring off customers.

Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this general situation because there is a company that has faith in its product and is willing to spend the money to have it proved once and for all that ***** enlargement works. The rest of the market will ride the coattails of this success and it’s very likely that ***** enlargement will finally become main stream because people can see an official proof of effectiveness. The PenisHealth™ program of ***** enlargement exercises is at this moment being clinically tested in the UK and it’s on its way to become the only clinically proven ***** enlargement solution on the market.

The PenisHealth™ program is already backed by a medical doctor and a doctor of clinical psychology who were impressed with the completely natural approach to ***** enlargement offered by the program of exercises. Nevertheless, the company behind this program has sought the ultimate accolade that can be received at this time by a ***** enlargement program: the official seal of recognition that only an independent and properly conducted clinical study can bestow on a product.

Peter Gitundu asked:


Getting into the habit of studying psychology as a parent, a teacher, or anyone who interacts with children is very important. Child psychology articles help us gain new insight on how children are living and the different factors that may affect or influence their behavior, both as individuals or in groups.

These articles are important as they help us see things as children see them. They help us understand why they rationalize like they do. Studying these articles on child psychology help us, better understand some of the behavioral traits our children possess. The articles also teach us how to handle problem children, and from constantly reading them, one will know when its time to approach a professional child psychologist for help, based on different factors. We also learn how to communicate with our children. We learn how to speak to them and not at them, we learn the things that are different compared to when we were growing up, and most importantly, we learn of any problems that may exist. Studying these articles teaches us about new approaches to therapy in the field, and explains how they work. They teach us how to make sure the children don’t regress and fall back into old habits or unhealthy behavior.

For parents, especially first timers, they understand or being to see why various problems and issues arise and they know how to look out for them and nip them in the bud. And when it’s gone a step further, the child psychology articles may offer solutions to parents for the various problems their children maybe facing.

Muna wa Wanjiru asked:


We know that psychology is the study of human behavior and emotional responses. As these responses can vary from person to person and age to age, the field of psychology is quite broad. In this field you will be able to find various psychologists studying the emotions and behavior of children. This means that you will be able to find child psychology articles that have been directed towards how the children of today live and behave.

These child psychology articles are quite interesting in the fact that stereotypes are avoided and what is known is given as facts. For this reason when you are reading these child psychology articles you can begin to understand just a minuscule amount of how a child sees and reacts to the world around them.

Some of these child psychology articles will deal with the mental and emotional disturbances that some children have gone through. To protect the privacy of the child only the facts are given and the name of the child will be withheld. You can find these child psychology articles in various magazines that deal with psychology. Sometimes you will be able to read some articles in your child’s psychologist waiting room.

Beyond these places you can read child psychology articles on the internet sites that deal with child psychology. All of these child psychology articles will let us know how to recognize if a child is having some type of problem. The ways to deal with the problem in the initial stages will be noted in these child psychology articles. Once you have managed to have your child discuss at least a portion of their problems, you can make the decision of when you should schedule an appointment at a good child psychologist’s.

Child psychology articles will also let you see how various child psychologists have managed successfully to help their young clients face life and what these children should do if they are pulled back into a situation that is similar in outlook to their original problem. The other items that some child psychology articles will deal with are the new approaches and methods that have been developed especially for child psychology.

Since the field of child psychology is vast the many child psychology articles that you can find should be able to help you with whatever situation that you may find yourself in. For parents, these child psychology articles provide a small window into understanding the various problems and difficulties that are besetting their child. And sometimes you will find that these child psychology articles will provide you with the solutions as well.