PsicoGDL

Scientists found that non-smoking people exposed to a lot of passive smoke were 50 percent more likely to suffer from mental distress than those who don’t stand near smoking people.

And their chances of being admitted to a psychiatric clinic over the next five years was nearly tripled (it was almost quadrupled for smokers).

So-called “passive smoking” is very common, Dr. Mark Hamer of University College London in the UK and colleagues note in the Archives of General Psychiatry. One US study found evidence of second-hand smoke in 60 percent of no smoking people.

Studies measuring the nicotine byproduct cotinine have made it possible to precisely measure secondhand smoke exposure and its health effects, they add, but there is “very limited information” on how other people’s smoke might affect psychological health.

To investigate, Hamer and his colleagues studied 5,560 non-smoking mature people and 2,595 smoking mature people, none of whom had a history of psychological diseases. The study subjects answered questions about mental distress and admissions to psychiatric clinics were tracked for five years.

Exposure to second-hand smoking among no smoking people was determined using saliva levels of cotinine, which is formed when nicotine is broken down in the body and is an established marker of nicotine exposure.

A total of 13.5 percent of study subjects reported mental distress. According to the investigators, the higher a person’s second-hand smoke exposure, the greater their risk of mental distress, while the risk was highest for people who were themselves smokers.

People with high exposure to second-hand smoke (those with the highest cotinine levels) who didn’t actually smoke themselves were 62 percent more likely to report mental distress than those unexposed to passive smoking, while the risk for smokers was 2.55 times greater.

During follow-up, which averaged about six years, 42 people were admitted to psychiatric clinic. The risk of hospitalization was 2.7 times greater for second-hand smokers compared to people not exposed to passive smoking, while it was 3.7 times greater for cigarette consumers.

The effects were stronger for free tobacco people than for ex-smokers, Hamer noted; the fact that former cigarette consumers were able to quit could suggest they were intrinsically less attackable to the effects of nicotine.

Studies like the current one can’t prove that something caused something else, Hamer said in an interview. However, he added, the link remained even after he and his colleagues accounted for social status, alcohol intake and other factors that could influence both the risk of mental health diseases and the likelihood of being exposed to second-hand smoke. “We did see pretty robust associations that remained after those adjustments,” he said.

Moreover, Hamer and colleagues note that animal studies have hinted that tobacco may depress a person’s mood and some human studies have also suggested a potential link between smoking and depression. “Taken together, therefore, our data are consistent with other emerging evidence to suggest a causal role of nicotine exposure in mental health,” the investigators conclude.

According to the recent survey most of the children are affected psychologically in the given environment of their family. Recent released movie “Tare Jameen Par” tells the story of a neglected child in his family. Those children who have not support of their family, they are affected of negligence environment. In this condition, doctors suggest some suggestions to the parent to deal with children psychologically. Naturally, parents can have differences or disharmony but they should not show front of their children because it leads to feeling of delicate and insecurity in the mind of children in the given situations. If punishment is needed then it should be in the best ways and minimum which direct them in positive directions. No child can learn a lesion from scolding, beating or ridiculing. Each member of a family should show a consistent behaviour to learn children some rules and regulations which are fixed. Parents should also do that in this way and should follow all those instructions. Never does over protection it also derive insecurity in the mind of children. This activity leads into introverts of your child. You should let them able to make friends to talk on all aspects of life. Don’t do a promise if you are not able to fulfill. Even you should also avoid unrealistic expectations from your children. For small issues parents should not care and don’t should or shriek to their children. You should learn them all things in continuous process one by one consistently. For the misconduct you should make children aware in their separate room very calmly in positive way. Never criticized your children in unhealthy manner and never should compare with other children which are not realistic. It gives the feeling of demoralization. You should care about the work which your children are able to do. Never, impose any works which are not possible according to your children. You should persuasive not unconvincing. If you are much busy then you should make your child busy in the activity of study or other creative things. You should spend some time also with them. If your child develops in these given guidance then surely he will develop as healthy and psychologically strong also.

Female reproductive system is a complex system that undergoes numerous changes throughout her life. Under the influence of various hormones, women have to undergo different milestones to mark menarche, pregnancy and menopause. Also she goes through lots of emotional and psychological turmoil and has to bear children’s’ upbringing, family issues and her career. Going through all this, she definitely likes to handle certain issues of her life on her own without anyone’s interference. She has to have that freedom so that she can cope the stress better.

One of the major issues where she would love to have her say is her pregnancy and abortions. She has the right to get pregnant when she wants to. However, if there is a situation that marks unwarranted pregnancy, she wants to terminate it. The law has given full rights to woman to decide about her pregnant status. That’s why selecting abortion clinics and getting admitted for abortion is a very private affair for the woman. She wants to enjoy total privacy when it comes to abortions or where her reproductive health is concerned.

But searching for abortion clinics that offer quality services is not an easy task. Though many clinics claim to have abortion facility, only some of them are recognized and authorized to practice it. Then how to search for an authentic abortion clinic? Here comes to your rescue abortion clinics directory. Through Dr. Robert Rainer’s abortionplace.com, the world of female health problems has received a boost. To prevent hunting for the abortion clinics in dire need, the website offers a comprehensive list of abortion clinics in different provinces of America. This has revolutionized the gynecological world.

To deal with the tricky issue like abortion, people now can directly go for the website and search for the right abortion clinic in their area. This also gives information regarding the doctors working there. Recognizing the gravity of female problems, Dr. Rainer has compiled this huge directory of abortion clinics that is still being updated. Newer doctors can add their names in the list all on their own. Many clinics have other facilities like pregnancy testing, dealing with STDs and family planning. However, to get enrolled in the list, major requirement is provision of abortion facility. The other ones have to be in addition to this abortion facility. Then and then only the clinic can be enrolled.

In cases of STIs and STDs also, people do not like to make the issues public. Saving one from embarrassment is also a major concern in compiling this directory. The providers of facility have to undergo a stipulated format while getting enrolled themselves. They need to follow the links from the main page of the website to get registered. Now with the directory at your hand, you should be able to find the right abortion clinic in your province without any hassles. Woman, you have your own voice. Let it be felt to give you equal status in all aspects of life. To be or not to be pregnant is in your hands. Use your conscience precisely and take decision quickly. Help is at your hands in the form of abortion clinics directory!

The responsibility of school health education is to provide the complete positive experience and the knowledge structure to the student, including the establishment of health education curriculum, the creation of school health environment and carrying out the appropriate school health education plan through principal, teacher, guardian and the broad cooperation which leads in the community.

The significance of school health education:  

Health is one of the main factors which affect young students’ learning capability. So the government has the responsibility to provide the best study conditions. This goal can be achieved by school health education. The school health education program can systematically organize all the factors that promote young people’s health.

The significance of school health education is: Young students are in the life preparation time, health education work, may help them to accept systematic health education since childhood. It will be very helpful for young people to establish a healthy life style, strengthen the self-health care consciousness and ability, prevent common disease, frequently-occurring disease, and even adult sickness. School health education builds the good foundation for their life and the effect is lifelong.

The implementation scope of school health education:

School health education is not only limited to the health education curriculum but also through many kinds of health education in young people’s daily study and the life such as food security, nutrition, smoking control, personal hygiene and so on.

The teaching of school health education:  

Health education should be a part of the entire school education system.

1) The health education curriculum: young students may start their health habit since the baby time. But they usually obtain the systematic medicine and health knowledge in school.  So the school health education curriculum should be the main way for students to obtain this kind of knowledge.

There is huge difference in receptivity and thinking mode among the young students of different ages. So the goal, content, teaching style and materials of health education curriculum should be accordant of the characteristics of different age sections. Because our work is to help student to be active learning not non-passive learning.

Healthy behavior instruction:

The goal of healthy behavior instruction is to help the students to have the basic healthcare knowledge and to command the basic skills of self-healthcare. Health behavior instruction helps students to develop a faith of health and medicine, correct judge and the appraisal ability and healthy behavior. Good behavior may affect not only the individual but also the family and the society.

There are two ways of healthy behavior instruction: Collective activity and individual consultation.  Collective activity aims at the existing behavior question among students. Individual consultation helps each individual student who has special health behavior or medical care questions. 

The school health service:

School health service is directly related to students’ health activities. It is also the essential part of the entire school health plan.  The school health service mainly includes: medical examination, dental examination, immunity vaccination, infectious disease control, common disease prevention and the psychological consultation as well. The school should also provide the necessary services to the disabled students.

The school health environment:

School health environment stimulates and promotes the student to participate in the beneficial health activities, raises their health consciousness of the external environment, including interpersonal and material environment.

The interpersonal environment mainly includes the school interpersonal relationship between the teachers and students, schoolmate and the other personnel.  

The material environment is related to the school constructions, the ground size, the drainage, the garbage disposal system and so on.

How to provide a harmonious and healthy environment to all the students should be considered by all the school health educators. 

 

Copyright (c) 2007 Stephen Lau

Your physical food relationship is based on your eating habits and food preference, while your psychological food relationship is related to how you think about food and its effect on your weight and body image.

Your psychological food relationship begins to dominate when you succumb to eating to satisfy your appetite instead of your hunger, which is a physical need to supply your body with nutrients.

Your appetite, not your hunger, is in control when you decide to eat a to-die-for dessert even though you have just finished eating a hearty meal. Indulging your appetite to satisfy your eating pleasure rather than your physical hunger is an unhealthy psychological food relationship.

What make you form a psychological food relationship?

You may remember a pleasant experience with a specific food, thereby triggering your appetite. In addition, your emotions, positive or negative, can trigger your appetite. For example, an occasion for celebration may induce you to indulge your appetite and eat for sheer pleasure; isolation, loneliness, and depression may lead you to overeating.

It must be understood that self-defeating thoughts and unhealthy eating behaviors only perpetuate unhealthy emotions and bring on another food-addiction episode, thereby forming a vicious circle of uncontrollable eating. Unless you recognize and acknowledge the trigger, which is often the emotion itself, you will continue to overeat.

So, how do you resolve your problem of having an unhealthy psychological food relationship?

Seek a positive solution to your negative emotion, instead of comforting yourself with food. Admittedly, it is easier said than done.

If you are bored, you would most likely keep on telling yourself that you are bored until you eventually become part of your belief system; it is like a self-fulfilling prophesy. To keep yourself occupied, you begin to eat for the pleasure of it. However, the pleasure soon dissipates, and you become bored again. Remember, comfort food is never comforting. To alleviate the boredom, you resort to eating. Before you know it, you have become a food addict who has developed an unhealthy psychological food relationship.

The solution to the problem is to find something to do other than eating to overcome your boredom. Of course, that requires some discipline and determination.

In addition to boredom, another common emotional trigger of overeating is anger. You may be angry with yourself or with someone else. Anger is a response to fear, frustration or pain. You unwittingly use food to suppress your emotion. After indulging yourself with food, you may become frustrated with yourself for overeating, and you may end up eating more to deal with the emotion of frustration, and thus forming a vicious circle of emotional eating. Do not use food to distract yourself from feelings of anger; instead, learn to deal with your anger head-on. Never hold in anger because it will turn back on yourself. Neither should you internalize anger, for it may lead to depression. The key is to release your anger instead of suppressing or ignoring it.

Other than boredom and anger, stress is another food-addiction trigger. Contemporary life is stressful, and part of the stress stems from within yourself. Life stressors can initiate your emotional appetite, and thus creating an environment for overeating. Once you respond to stress by overeating or giving up on yourself through self-defeating behavior, you are allowing yourself to develop an unhealthy psychological food relationship.

The solution to the problem of stress-related food addiction is to identify your stressors and change the way you respond to them. Remember, the stressors are always out there, and it is the way you respond to them that makes a difference in your life.

Did you know that fear is also an emotional trigger of unhealthy food addiction?

Fear could be an underlying emotion that precipitates your unhealthy eating behavior. You might be afraid of eating a normal amount of food out of fear of getting fat. Or you might be afraid of not reaching your weight loss goal. Your subconscious fear often turns you into a food addict. Remember, some food addicts are not overweight, but they are so obsessed with their body image that they form an unhealthy relationship with food. They incessantly count fat grams and calories, and they weight themselves all the time.

The only way to change your unhealthy food relationship is to change the way you think about your body image. If you are a woman and a perfectionist, you will always be unhappy with your weight and body image, and you will have an increased risk for developing an eating disorder during your lifetime. Remember, your self-worth should be tied up with who you are, not with what you see in the reflected mirror, which is often grossly distorted.

From time to time, we all eat for emotional reasons. However, emotional eating becomes a problem when it interferes with your health and well-being. Improving your psychological food relationship may prevent emotional eating from developing into an eating disorder.

The U.S. Army has announced that it will provide a new financial aid option for those interested in attending graduate school after they have obtained a bachelors degree in a healthcare-focused field, such as psychology.The U.S. Army Medical Department will begin offering the F. Edward Hebert Armed Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) for students pursuing higher education in medicine, dentistry, veterinary science, psychiatric nursing, optometry or psychology.Online masters programs in psychology may provide ample preparation for a demanding career with the army, which is required of program graduates after they complete their degree programs.Recipients of the scholarship will have their tuition costs – including books, equipment and most academic fees – covered. HPSP participants will also be eligible for a $20,000 sign-on bonus.Throughout the students’ two-, three- or four-year course of study, the army will provide winners with a monthly stipend of $1,992 to ensure they are focused on being full-time students rather than taking part-time jobs to cover living costs.In return, scholarship recipients will be obligated to army service, which will commence during school breaks. Students will be paid an officer’s salary during vacation times, when they will train to be part of the army’s health care team.After graduation, HPSP awardees will be required to perform active duty service and enter the army at the rank of captain. Students commit to serve for a minimum of one year for every year they received the scholarship.The new captains will be provided with a monthly allowance for food and lodging and have the opportunity to earn promotions and consequent salary increases. They may also strive for residency and fellowship programs, which require an extended service obligation.HPSP participants will also receive the full benefits of active duty officers, including continuing education, inexpensive or free medical and dental care, housing or a housing allowance, travel opportunities, retirement benefits and savings plans, low-cost life insurance as well as vacation time.Colonel Rafael Montagno, commander of the army’s Medical Recruiting Brigade, said the program is intended to “[help] finance the education and training for…medical professionals” and preventing the “significant debt” that comes with a masters program, such as an online psychology degree.Such opportunities may also address shortages of health care professionals nationwide, such as the potential nursing shortage in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire that could leave hospitals with fewer nurses than they need within ten years, the Boston Herald reported.Applicants must be U.S. citizens with a baccalaureate degree, be accepted into an accredited university or online masters degree program in a specialty such as psychology, maintain full-time status throughout the program and qualify to be a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army Reserve.

 

The community health education is an important part of community health work. It teaches people to establish a healthy life style, to take advantage of health knowledge in order to keep a good way of diet, exercise and so on, and to take the effective measures to prevent and treat disease early. This article will share some problems and countermeasures in community health education work that I have faced. 

Community patient has the seasonal characteristic because of the climate changes. Patients have difference in the cause of disease, health conditions and the prognosis. They are also quite different in sex, age, occupation, cultural custom and the expectation of the treatment. To grasp and deal with all these characteristics comprehensively, we need to establish the community health files in order to have more details of every patient. This kind of work is difficult, stressful and sometimes is not understood by the patients and their family members. Community health educators should fully take advantages of media and other tools to promote so that more people can have a basic understanding of it. And with the support and coordination of local government, this work will become easier.

The time for outpatients is usually short, so they often cannot obtain a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the disease they have. So it will be very necessary to give education especially to those patients who have epidemic and infectious disease. The content must be succinct, easy to understand and has the strength and persuasion.

Feedbacks from the patients are very important to community health education work. We can use all kinds of methods such as telephone, network system and face-to-face talking to communicate with patients in order to know their medication and recovery situation. Based on that, it will be easier for us to give further health education and psychological counseling in order to enhance the efficiency of the treatment.

The method of community health education is various, its ultimate objectives are— to popularize basic health knowledge and to help people to establish a healthy behavior. Community health educators should take most persuasive and effective education methods and countermeasures to give patients both physiological and psychological health instructions.

 What we are hoping is to establish a healthy and harmonious community.

 

NEED AND CONTEXT

It has been observed that the recent economic growth in the Asian cities indicate that there has been a breakdown of traditional support systems such as the family because of rapid urbanization and modernization. Moreover, a large number of people are living below the poverty line in impoverished environment in urban and rural communities. Their acute needs for housing, food, health, education, and incomes are the very forces that push adolescents to look for a means of livelihood on the streets, engage in prostitution, be hooked up with crime/drug syndicates, or become victims of sexual and physical abuse. It is a battle of bare struggle for daily survival and contributes in every ways they can. Any measure to penalize parents of such children will only result in further abuse and oppression of people who are already disadvantaged. Such children struggle hard in getting the most essential requirements to meet the basic needs of life and such children need special attention and educational intervention. These disadvantaged adolescents are generally malnourished and often anemic; many of them physically stunted, suffer psychologically from undue family pressures and abuses and are neglected at home. They tend to develop low self-esteem from broken families, single-headed households because of the death, separation, or labor migration of one of their parents. Moreover, they live in slums and squatter communities, sub-human conditions and are susceptible to crime syndicates and gang conflicts, substance/drug abuse, and gambling.

In the developing and under developed countries like India and Thailand a large percentage of population live below the poverty line and adolescents from such environment face difficulties in getting access to good education. It is therefore felt that in both the surround adolescents are of in the process of development and failure to meet their developmental need have lend to safe and serial destructions behaviors. Adolescents lack necessary life skills for cape up in to the realities and challenges of life. Adolescents accords for the largest portion of the world’s population and have been on an increasing trend and there are “230 million Indian adolescent in the age of group of 4 to 19” that (Population and Health IndoShare, 2006). Moreover, it is expected that this age group will continue to grow reaching over “214 million by 2020” (United Nations (UN) 2000) due to has traditionally been a male dominated society and has a strong son preference in most part of but Indian girls tend to be discriminated against by their families and also demographic trends indicate deep-rooted gender discrimination. In India, the condition of disadvantaged adolescents resembled that of their centers pail Thailand. Indian Young adolescents are facings serious problem of lack of access to reliable knowledge on the process of growing up reproductive health practices and value system. There has been a need to provide education on the developmental changes and needs during teenagers. This may reduce the risk of future.

Today, almost every Indian and Thai whether rich or poor, young or old, is exposed to much that is foreign, largely because in the last two decades India and Thailand has become one of the region’s most popular tourists destinations. At times, the growing economy and favorable investment opportunities have also attracted many foreign multinationals, which continue to add to the already fair large expatriate community. However, despite the intensity of their exposure to “foreign” influences, particularly western cultures and lifestyles, Indian and Thai culture remains a solid influence within family life and early childhood. From birth, Indian and Thai adolescents are still much more deeply immersed in culture than they are exposed to foreign influences despite the fast-paced changes that have been affecting Indian and Thai adolescents. The adolescents of deferred families are emotionally disturbed and driven adrift as wanderers, delinquent children with im-permissive behaviors such as loitering, gambling, drug addiction, crime, truancy, prostitution, and begging, illegal dealings. As the consequence of these adverse behaviors, cases of illegal pregnancy, baby abandonment, and HIV/AIDS infection are becoming more and more severe.

There also reported, “Thai Children are spending more time in talking and chatting on the phone and the trendiest models of mobile phones, love hanging out with their friends at night, the drugs problem and the loss of Thai identity and shopping for brand name products. The latest fashion among the hobbies of many of today’s Thai children is they are becoming increasingly violent and blaming society and their own families for their behavior and involve in premature sex, drugs and aggressiveness”. “The study found that despite the well-to-do family backgrounds of the teens surveyed, most of them shared a common problem of loneliness, depressive tendencies and a need for love”. The gap between parents and children is greater than ever before, arising from broken families or from families which faille to inculcate morals in their children because they havenless time for their children and had left them to the peril of sick and violent society in Thailand (Aphaluck Bhatiasevi, Thongbai Thongpao 2002), (Tong Thum Struggles, 2006)

With the best intention and efforts of the education as a social instrument, it is possible to promote the complete welfare of disadvantaged population. Among the several types of disadvantaged adolescents, Adolescents forced to enter the labour market, adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS and adolescents affected by narcotic drugs need special attention. They have trouble in getting proper guidance to overcome personal problems and require proper guidance and counseling to become aware of the ill effects narcotic drugs, labour market and HIV/AIDS. It may not be possible to develop awareness in the expected manner through normal school curriculums. Hence, a separate educational intervention, which is nothing but a planned programme of educational guidance, organized to meet the scientific and psychological needs of disadvantaged adolescents in the age group of 13-16. Hence, in this study, an attempt will be made to study the educational adjustment of disadvantaged adolescents and to find out the impact of a structured educational intervention programme in developing proper awareness and attitude towards reproductive health, drugs, sexuality and values.

The present study examined the impact of an educational intervention programme on the knowledge and attitude on disadvantaged adolescents in Northern India and Thailand. The study intends to assess and compare the knowledge about the process of growing up, HIV/AIDS awareness, values and attitude of teen-age students staying in the schools. Reproductive health education is a key strategy for promoting preventive measures among teenagers.

METHOS

The sample for the study consisted of 225 disadvantaged adolescents who included 125 adolescents from India (Chennai Himmat Slum area, Jammu region) and Thailand (Yong People Develop Chiang Mai and Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa) Chiang Rai, Province). The sample populations of disadvantaged adolescents are residents of orphanages and slum area and studying in high school classes in the age of groups from 13 to 16 years. Data was collected by administering knowledge test consisted of items on process of growing up HIV/AIDS, reproductive organs and their functions family planning and parenting and attitude scale to measure beliefs and practices about sexuality and abstinence. An experimental design consisted of experimental and control group was formed. Questionnaires were translated from English to Hindi and Thai, (mother tongue of the respondent), then back in to English to ensure that no meaning was lost in translation. There were use two groups of learner: both the groups were given Pre-Test as well as Post-Test, where experimental group were given intervention programme and control group was not be given any intervention programme.

Control group: – there were in two states: ten administrators conducted face-to-face interviews and Focus groups with disadvantaged adolescent in India and Thailand.

First state, in India country; 10 Indian administrators were called the Indian disadvantaged adolescents from there house at Slum area (Jammu), meeting for data collected were an adjustment questionnaire in each of person and groups by Hindi (mother tongue of the respondent).

Second state, in Thailand country: 125 questionnaires in Thai (mother tongue of the respondent) were administered to the Thai disadvantaged adolescent of two orphanages, I collected later the questionnaires.

Intervention / Treatment Programme

Experts: Facilitators who were willing to participate in the study were invited for receiving community sensitization, booklet distribution, and CD training;

Experimental group: 200 students (and also inmates) belonging to Channai Himmat, Slum area (Jammu, India), Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa), and Yong People Develop (Thailand) who had got least scores namely, were given one day training programme on intervention or treatment as;

In the morning: the orientation and participants programme concentrated on basic issues such as general framework of adolescent growth, and consisted of discussions and demonstrations. The training programme practiced the activities to develop the knowledge level and the attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education

In the afternoon until evening: the revised questionnaires were administered to the experimental group in 3 sessions as: (a) the personal details. (b) The knowledge level and attitude were administered to find out themselves and whenever they had doubt in understanding the items, the administrators made them easy by giving supplementary examples. In addition, (c) group discussed for preparation of suggestive measures to improve and policies.

Design of the study

An educational intervention programme consisting of awareness activities presented through media presentation, discussion and interaction was presented to the experimental group. Universals and multivariate analysis of the data were used to assess the impact of interventions and to identify the predictors of change in knowledge and attitude. Significant changes in terms of gain between pre-test and post-test was observed.

Analysis

The completed questionnaires were collated and entered into the computer. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS. After verification and reduction of data, descriptive frequencies were completed. This was followed by uni-variate and multi-variety procedures to assess the impact of the interventions and to identify other predictors of change in knowledge and attitude. Analysis was stratified by sex shown how responses to the variables of knowledge and attitude, differ boys, girls, age, and education. Descriptive statistics was used to profile the study population. Knowledge and attitude was then used to explore the demographic variables associated with HIV/AIDS, drug abused and reproductive Health Education. The following statistical techniques were applied in the present project: Paired Samples “T”-test and “F”-test.

FINDINGS

The demographic profile of the 250 Indian and Thai respondent questionnaires is shown the relationships between demographic characteristics of Indian and Thai were founds Indian boys (54.40%) less than Thai boys (56%), and Indian girls (45.60%) more than Thai girls (44%). In the same age group of Indian and Thai 15 years old, and the same of the secondary school of Indian: (Standard: 9) and Thai: (Grades 3), had significant .05 is shown in Table 1.

Answers were grouped in comparing scores from Indian and Thai disadvantage adolescent after received a treatment on knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education, all participating (N= 200) were group interviewed and after the intervention had significant difference is (0.05), are shown in Table 2-16.

The findings also revealed significant differences between boys and girls in knowledge and attitude towards reproductive health education. Implications of the study for the awareness programmes were suggested.

DISCUSSION

In many Northern states of India and Thailand, the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health needs of Indian and Thai disadvantaged adolescents are either poorly understood or not fully appreciated. Evidence is growing that this neglect can seriously jeopardize the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education needs and future well-being of them.

The policies addressed the effectiveness of the programmed to highlights what there needs to be done to promote and protect to the disadvantaged adolescent in India and Thailand in the future as: all schools should develop textbooks making learning interesting by following extensive community sensitization in support of adolescent reproductive health education appropriate in Indian and Thai cultural and tradition. Because of Indian and Thai culture and tradition, adolescents kept learning by them long time ago that, made them grow up in the wrong life and have been against morality.

Indian and Thai adolescent problems erupt from families and by themselves after they have been sexually abused or because their families could not understand adolescent behavior and teach them about reproductive health education and sexual health education. Such as should improve in knowledge and attitude among school-going adolescents with the media modern of families. In addition, it was found that sexually abused violated in Indian and Thai adolescents should learn and practice self-protection and should gather knowledge of the Child Rights and much more.

India disadvantaged adolescents

1. Indian disadvantaged adolescents are neglected from home, school and there country of the knowledge. They tend to undeveloped of the confidents and very poorly of the knowledge, attitude about Reproductive Health, drug and HIV/AIDS. Thus as, should to improve and increase and learn the knowledge attitude and understanding of disadvantaged adolescents

2. In India, the responsible organizations both governmental and non-governmental of India have to develop policies for adolescent and should to include HIV/AIDS education and health programme in schools curriculums. In addition, those reproductive health educational services for adolescent girls are especially needed in schools and families.

3. Parents, families, teachers and administrators in orphanages or schools should be encouraged to discuss or give guidance and approval about reproductive health education, drug and HIV/AIDS with their disadvantaged adolescent.

Thailand disadvantaged adolescents

1. Should to improve and increase the knowledge attitude and understanding of disadvantaged adolescents in Northern about reproductive health education and sexual health education.

2. Especially, in Northern, Thailand having spread of higher Drug and HIV/AIDS, thus as should to teach or train to get about the knowledge attitude and understanding of reproductive health to adolescents and parents more then other.

3. The reproductive and sexual health education should be included in the curriculum for the second level – primary education (Grades 4-6), Third level – secondary education (Grades 1-3) and Fourth level – secondary education (Grades 4-6). It is too late to start from Third level – secondary education (Grades 1-3) in Thailand thus; the Ministry of Education has to prepare a new policy to put this subject at the Basic Education Curriculum Standard as soon as possible.

4. It appears that in Thailand media has caused a change in sex related values among adolescents. With the misuse of Internet in getting information on sex related issue supplemented by the use of Cell phone, TV, VCD, DVD and booklets is increasing Crime problems of sexually abused. Thus, the qualities of the textbooks or booklets to be distributed to the adolescents.

TABLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank to Dr. Y. N. Sridhar, Guide of Research for me. I would like too many helpful and thank the following students, Mr. Kasame Sakonllapap, Mr. Santi Jongkongka, Mr. Prasarn Ruansang and people for their supported. I thankfulness to Father Carlo Luzzi, Mother Elisa Cavana, Father Niphot Thiengwiharn and my family, for contributing to this study by providing funding.

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Enlightening.pdf

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NACE is a National Association for continuing education that offers continuing education opportunities to provide learners in the field of medicine, behavioral health, education and related disciplines.They also provide continuing education psychology online for making you learn different aspects of mental health and psychology education.  NACE contributes a larger share in educating people about mental health through their mental health continuing education and other online education centers. Following are the different characteristics and strategies from NACE.•    Utilize systematic approaches to needs assessment to identify practice gaps, identify learning objectives, and develop appropriate educational programs with formats consistent with adult learning principles.•    Comply with all accepted guidelines and policies of accrediting bodies within the continuing education enterprise and Psychology CEU Online.•    Provide diverse opportunities for participants to learn evidenced-based information and acquire skills to improve competence and professional performance from our trainers and CEU Counselors.•    Emphasize outcome measurement to assess the impact our educational activities have on provider competence, confidence, and performance in practice.NACE offers around 100 home study courses out of which many are online courses for psychologists, social workers, marriage and family counselors & substance abuse counselors. All these courses are approved by American Psychological Association (APA), Association of social work boards (ASWB), National board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and other state boards or organizations. Regarding Psychology CEU Online courses, one has to create an account with NACE and have to work as per guidelines and CE test. NACE provides a great range of courses in mental health continuing education with packages like Florida continuing education and hot topics continuing education. CE courses also offer different categories for different courses like Courses on sale today, clearance courses, Family dynamic, parenting, pharmaceuticals and many more. They also provide psychology CEU online course for users signing up with NACE.Also, f you are seeking to have your proposed CME activity accredited by an ACCME accredited provider, the National Association for Continuing Education (NACE) will gladly help you achieve that goal. The process, while complex, does not have to be overwhelming. NACE will provide you with the guidance and the tools you will need to put on a successful accredited activity.NACE can also assist your organization with development of needs assessments, faculty selection, event planning, audience generation, online registration, evaluation and outcome assessment, and certificate generation through their proprietary learning management system.

Since the DSM-IV® was published in 1994, we’ve seen many advances in our knowledge of psychiatric illness. This Text Revision incorporates information culled from a comprehensive literature review of research about mental disorders published since DSM-IV® was completed in 1994. Updated information is included about the associated features, culture, age, and gender features, prevalence, course, and familial pattern of mental disorders.

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DSM-IV-TR, the handheld version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, is now available for both Palm OS and PocketPC handhelds. This Text Revision incorporates information culled from a comprehensive literature review of research about mental disorders and includes associated features, culture, age, and gender features, prevalence, course, and familial pattern of mental disorders. And with Skyscape’s patented smARTlink™ technology, DSM-IV-TR can easily cross-index with other clinical and drug prescription products from Skyscape to provide a powerful and integrated source of clinical information that you can carry with you wherever you go!